{"id":19078,"date":"2021-07-23T16:24:30","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T20:24:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/?post_type=article&#038;p=19078"},"modified":"2026-03-27T12:04:14","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T16:04:14","slug":"vermont-organics-recovery","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/es\/article\/composting-for-community\/vermont-organics-recovery","title":{"rendered":"Vermont \u2013 Universal Recycling Law"},"template":"","class_list":["post-19078","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-state-policy","initiatives-composting-for-community","topics-climate-change","topics-recycling","impact_areas-climate-and-environmental-justice","authors-brenda-platt"],"acf":{"details":{"featured_image":"","background_color":"tan","article_type":[36],"initiative":15,"display_event_fields":false,"start_date":null,"end_date":null,"start_time":null,"end_time":null,"time_zone":"America\/New_York","virtual_event":false,"location":"","topics":[62,112],"impact_areas":[16],"abstract":"Vermont has aggressively embarked on a first-of-its-kind, statewide parallel collection program of all mandated recyclable materials, including yard debris and food residuals. By taking a phased-in, but all-encompassing approach, the state aims to have all Vermont citizens diverting food scraps and other organics from landfill disposal by 2020, with all haulers and solid waste management facilities providing services for these materials.","authors_tax":[601]},"sidebar":{"title":"\u00cdndice"},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Organics like food scraps and yard debris make up the single largest segment (29%) of Vermont\u2019s residential waste stream, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/2018-VT-Waste-Characterization.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 study<\/a>. With only <a href=\"https:\/\/cswd.net\/trash\/vermont-landfills\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one active landfill<\/a> serving the entire state, Vermont\u2019s need to reduce the amount of its\u00a0disposed\u00a0organic waste\u00a0is quite evident. As such, it has aggressively embarked on a first-of-its-kind, statewide parallel collection program of all <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/waste-management\/solid\/materials-mgmt\/trash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandated recyclable materials<\/a>, including yard debris and food residuals. By taking a phased-in, but all-encompassing approach, the state aims to have\u00a0all Vermont citizens diverting food scraps and other organics from landfill disposal by 2020, with\u00a0all haulers and solid waste management facilities providing services for these materials.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.state.vt.us\/docs\/2012\/Acts\/ACT148.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Act 148<\/a>, the bill that created Vermont\u2019s Universal Recycling (UR) law, was passed by Vermont\u2019s General Assembly on May 16, 2012, to update Vermont\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/statutes\/chapter\/10\/159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waste Management Statutes<\/a>. Although the UR law went into effect July 1, 2012, the food diversion component of the UR law (as outlined in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/statutes\/section\/10\/159\/06605k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 V.S.A \u00a7 6605k<\/a>) was scheduled to take effect July 1, 2014. The law was amended in <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/2018-Leg-Changes-Summary-UR-Bottle-Bill.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018<\/a> to ban food waste from landfills starting July 2020, and again in <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/2019-Summary-Changes-Solid-Waste-Law.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2019<\/a> to prohibit the use of single-use plastics.\r\n\r\nWhile Vermont\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/anr.vermont.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Agency of Natural Resources (ANR)<\/a> is responsible for overseeing statewide implementation of the UR law, municipalities are responsible for the management and regulation of the storage, collection, processing, and disposal of solid wastes within their jurisdiction. More information, including guidance materials, studies, and reports can be found on <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/waste-management\/solid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ANR\u2019s Solid Waste\u00a0website<\/a>.\r\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">Food Scrap Generators (FSG)<\/h3>\r\nFood scrap generators include any \u201c<em>person whose acts or processes produce\u2026food residuals<\/em>\u201d at the rates listed below, with\u00a0these parties subject to abiding the following implementation dates:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>greater than 104 tons\/year: July 1, 2014<\/li>\r\n \t<li dir=\"ltr\">greater than 52 tons\/year: July 1, 2015<\/li>\r\n \t<li dir=\"ltr\">greater than 26 tons\/year: July 1, 2016<\/li>\r\n \t<li dir=\"ltr\">greater than 18 tons\/year: July 1, 2017<\/li>\r\n \t<li dir=\"ltr\">greater than any amount, with no distance exemption: July 1, 2020<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAll FSGs are\u00a0required to source-separate food residuals from other solid waste, and either: (1) arrange for the transfer of food residuals to a location that manages food residuals following the prescribed food residual management hierarchy, or (2)\u00a0manage food residuals on-site.\r\n\r\nGenerators are affected by the ban if they are located within 20 miles of a certified organics recycling facility, but only if the facility has available capacity and is willing to accept such source-separated organic material. According to ANR, the intent of this distance-to-services radius is to encourage the development and expansion of infrastructure and to allow time for haulers to modify their vehicles so that they might collect the material stream with the same convenience as they do trash.\r\n<h3>Universal Recycling Law Requirements<\/h3>\r\nVermont\u2019s Universal Recycling Law is much more comprehensive than a comparatively more simple disposal ban. According to ANR, the law:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Utilizes a set of phased in dates that help encourage and provide time for infrastructure to develop, partnerships to form, and hauling and collection programs to be developed and established<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eventually requires everyone to source separate organic materials from other waste and recyclables<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Encourages generators to consider the adopted food recovery hierarchy when processing these materials<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Creates convenience and consistency statewide for recycling and organics diversion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Universal Recycling Law Timeline<\/strong>\r\nBefore individual material streams (i.e. recyclables and organics residuals)\u00a0are\u00a0banned from landfill disposal, there are preceding requirements of solid waste facilities and haulers to provide services for the collection of these material streams. Statewide source-separation, collection of, and ban from, landfills will be phased-in as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Mandated Recyclables by July 1, 2015<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Leaf &amp; Yard Debris by July 1, 2016<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Food waste by July 1, 2020<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vtfoodcycle.com\/introduction\/the-recovery-hierarchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Food Residual Management Hierarchy<\/strong><\/a>\r\nFood residuals will be managed according to the following order of priority uses, listed in order of highest to lowest priority:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reduction of the amount generated at the source of origin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diversion for food consumption by humans<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diversion for agricultural use, including consumption by animals<\/li>\r\n \t<li dir=\"ltr\">Anaerobic digestion, composting, and land application<\/li>\r\n \t<li dir=\"ltr\">Energy recovery<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-35985 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/VT_FRHierarchy-300x286.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/VT_FRHierarchy-300x286.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ilsr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/VT_FRHierarchy-52x50.jpg 52w, https:\/\/ilsr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/VT_FRHierarchy-320x305.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ilsr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/VT_FRHierarchy.jpg 500w\" alt=\"waste diversion hunger food waste MSW\" width=\"251\" height=\"239\" \/>\r\n\r\n<b>Enforcement of Banned Materials<\/b>\r\nThe landfill disposal ban language in place for toxic and difficult to manage materials extends to mandated recyclables, leaf and yard debris, and food scraps under the UR law. As the landfill ban language indicates, there is no <em>de minimis<\/em> amount of landfill banned material permitted. The <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/waste-management\/solid\/universal-recycling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UR\u00a0law<\/a>\u00a0indicates that no person shall knowingly dispose of the banned items in solid waste or landfills.","":null,"settings":""}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_basic_html","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_basic_html":{"heading":"","code":"<iframe title=\"\" aria-label=\"Table\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Qm3ux\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/Qm3ux\/1\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"600\" height=\"490\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe>","width":"narrow"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<b>Collection Costs<\/b>\r\nAccording to ANR the requirements to offer collection of recyclables and organic residuals by haulers and facilities encourages residents to divert their materials with the clause that recycling must be offered with no separate line item charge. This has the effect of the hauler providing residential trash and recycling as a bundled service. ANR\u2019s parallel\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/Universal-Recycling\/FactSheet_ParallelCollection_CURRENT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collection factsheet<\/a>\u00a0provides additional guidance.\r\n\r\n<em>Recycling Collection Fees<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Haulers cannot charge a separate fee for residential mandated recyclables;\u00a0these costs can be covered by adding them into the refuse collection fees<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Solid waste collection facilities can charge commercial haulers for tipping of recyclables<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<em>Organics Collection Fees<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Haulers may charge for collection of leaf &amp; yard debris or food scraps<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Separated organics collection may cost significantly more than refuse collection (estimated to be $7-$9 more per month)\u00a0depending on the method chosen (drop-off, curbside, backyard or on-site options) for managing the material<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Solid waste collection facilities can charge commercial haulers for organics<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Municipalities &amp; Public Spaces<\/strong>\r\nSince July 1, 2015, municipalities were required to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Implement Variable Rate pricing (also referred to as \u201cUnit-Based\u201d or \u201cPay-As-You-Throw\u201d pricing) of solid waste<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide public collection containers for mandated recyclables in equal number, size and in close proximity to solid waste collection containers wherever they are provided, except in bathrooms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Banned Materials<\/h3>\r\nThe following definitions are presented as they appear in the Universal Recycling <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.state.vt.us\/docs\/2012\/Acts\/ACT148.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law<\/a>:\r\n<blockquote>\u201cMandated recyclables\u201d any of the following source separated materials: aluminum and steel cans; aluminum foil and aluminum pie plates; glass bottles and jars from foods and beverages; polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles or jugs; high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bottles and jugs; corrugated cardboard; white and colored paper; newspaper; magazine; catalogues; paper mail and envelopes; boxboard; and paper bags.\r\n\r\n\u201cLeaf and yard residual\u201d means source separated, compostable untreated vegetative matter, including grass clipping, leaves, kraft paper bags, and brush, which is free from noncompostable materials. It does not include such materials as pre- and\u00a0post consumer food residuals, food processing residuals, or soiled paper.\r\n\r\n\u201cFood residual\u201d means source separated and uncontaminated material that is derived from processing or discarding of food and that is recyclable, in a manner consistent with section 6605k of this title (see the Food Residual Management Hierarchy). Food residual may include preconsumer and postconsumer food scraps. \u201cFood residual\u201d does not mean meat and meat-related products when the food residuals are composted by a resident on site.\r\n\r\n\u201cWood waste\u201d means trees, untreated wood, and other natural\u00a0woody debris, including tree stumps, brush and limbs, root mats, and logs.<\/blockquote>\r\nIn 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/2019-Summary-Changes-Solid-Waste-Law.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an amendment<\/a> to the UR law stipulates that the use of single-use plastic items is prohibited, effective July 1, 2020:\r\n<blockquote>1. Effective July 1, 2020, this law prohibits retailers and food establishments from providing customers with the following single-use plastic items:\r\n\r\na. single-use plastic carryout bags at the point of sale (exempts bags used for prescription meds, dry cleaning, and produce bags\/small items bags that are not at the point of sale),\r\n\r\ni. single-use paper bags can be offered at the point of sale if the customer is charged a minimum of 10 cents per bag, which retailers keep. Smaller paper bags are exempt.\r\n\r\nb. plastic straws (except that they can be given upon request of the customer),\r\n\r\nc. plastic stirrers for beverages, and\r\n\r\nd. expanded polystyrene (commonly called Styrofoam) food and beverage containers like cups and containers, meat\/fish packaging, or food packaged out-of-state is exempt.<\/blockquote>\r\n<h3>Anticipated Costs<\/h3>\r\nANR commissioned a thorough cost and implementation <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/FinalReport_Act148_DSM_10_21_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Systems Analysis<\/a>\u00a0of the expected impact that UR law will have on solid waste management in Vermont. The resulting 141 page report provides what will be, no doubt, helpful to any state implementing a disposal ban\u2013even if it is nowhere near as comprehensive as Vermont\u2019s Universal Recycling Law. Below are some of the key cost analysis findings:\r\n\r\n<strong>Projected Financial Impact<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Increases in system costs are expected to fall mainly on the users of the system, paid through the increase of an estimated $7 to $9 per month per household in fees for services.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Haulers will also need to invest in new equipment as they improve their capacity to provide new services.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total capital investments are estimated at $42 \u2013 $45 million over the nine-year implementation period, or an average about $5 million per year.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ANR <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/148_Implementation_Report_Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends<\/a> establishing grant\/loan program funded by increased per ton franchise fee (from $6 to $12) to raise an estimated $2.5 million per year<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Key Areas for Cost Reduction<\/strong>\r\nThe following system changes reflect suggestions by the independent contractors\u00a0that conducted the Systems Analysis:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Implementation of more on-farm organics diversion programs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consolidation of waste districts and alliances<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reduction or elimination of the bottle bill handling fee<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consolidation of waste collection routes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increase implementation of every-other-week collection of refuse &amp; recycling<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">Key Features<\/h3>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Parallel Collection<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 The UR law requires statewide parallel collection of recyclables, refuse, leaf and yard residuals and food residuals at curbside and at all solid waste collection facilities.<\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Variable Rate Pricing<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 This refers to a fee structure that reflects disposal services that are charged on a per weight or per volume unit with price setting to incentivize recycling and composting. Also known as \u201cUnit Based Pricing\u201d or \u201cPay-as-You-Throw,\u201d\u00a0this structure\u00a0has been in place in municipalities throughout the United States for decades. The intention of a PAYT structure is to encourage households and businesses to recycle instead of disposing of recyclables by making trash disposal more expensive, with the cost of recycling embedded in the cost of trash collection. Guidance materials for implementing Variable Rate Pricing\u00a0can be found on ANR\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/Universal-Recycling\/VariableRatePricingGuideOrdinance_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<b>Outreach and Educational Resources<\/b>\u00a0\u2013 According to ANR, since the adoption of the UR law, ANR\u2019s Solid Waste Management Program has:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Redeveloped its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.recycle.vermont.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public website<\/a> and accessibility<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Improved the availability of <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/waste-management\/solid\/universal-recycling\/universal-recycling-symbols\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">informational materials<\/a> to targeted sectors<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developed and maintains a <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/VTrecycles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter feed<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Created standardized universal recycling <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/waste-management\/solid\/universal-recycling\/universal-recycling-symbols\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">symbols<\/a> free for use<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is launching a <a href=\"https:\/\/anrmaps.vermont.gov\/websites\/Organics\/default.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Materials Management Map<\/a> to connect generators of waste to facilities and organizations that are able to accept and utilize the beneficial value of recyclables, quality food for human consumption, and food scraps for animal feed, or composting. Release expected summer 2014.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese initial resources are beneficial to ANR, municipal solid waste management entities, facilities, haulers, composters, food rescue organizations, residents and the commercial sectors in meeting the phase-in mandates and bans in the Universal Recycling law. ANR recommends checking the website frequently for updates and additional resources.\r\n<h3>Anticipated Benefits<\/h3>\r\nDue to the gradual applicability of organic waste diversion to food scrap generators, as of 2016 it is still too early to see the full impact of Vermont\u2019s food recovery policies. Nonetheless, in a March 2016 conversation with Vermont\u2019s Dept. of Environmental Conservation, analysts reported that all towns have adopted ordinances requiring haulers and facilities to use \u201cpay as you throw\u201d pricing structures. This has resulted in some towns\u2019 trash volumes being reduced by half (e.g. Vernon, Newark, Canaan), and some recycling rates increasing by almost 50% (e.g. Vernon). Notably, the largest solid waste district (by populace) in the state, Chittenden, has reported a 10 to 15% increase in food waste each year since Vermont\u2019s UR passed in 2012.\r\n\r\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/dec.vermont.gov\/sites\/dec\/files\/wmp\/SolidWaste\/Documents\/2018-Leg-Changes-Summary-UR-Bottle-Bill.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ban on disposal<\/a> of food waste in landfills, which took effect on July 1, 2020, Vermont has seen a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wastetodaymagazine.com\/article\/vermont-food-scrap-disposal-ban-composting-surge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge in composting activities<\/a>. The Vermont DEC estimated that the number of food scrap haulers has tripled from 12 haulers in 2012, to 45 haulers in 2021. In addition, sales of home-composting supplies and equipment have skyrocketed, jumping from $7k to almost $20k in the past year alone. Experts expect to see the market for composting adjust prices accordingly to be lower than landfill fees, enabling more people to afford curbside collection service.\r\n\r\nANR\u00a0further expects the UR law to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Foster stronger community connections<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lower Vermont\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions (estimated 38% improvement)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increase recycling (estimated increase from 33% to 60%) and reduces the need for landfills<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conserve resources and reduce energy consumption<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stimulate \u2018green\u2019 job creation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Support the local food system<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Possibly prevent needing to build more landfills (VT currently has only one operating landfill)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give ANR the ability to oversee facility &amp; hauler residential rate structures, fostering transparency<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\r\nOriginal post from July 11, 2014\r\nUpdated July 23, 2021","":null,"settings":""}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vermont \u2013 Universal Recycling Law | Composting for Community<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Composting for Community article by Brenda Platt explores Climate Change and Recycling, focusing on Climate and Environmental Justice\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/es\/article\/composting-for-community\/vermont-organics-recovery\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vermont \u2013 Universal Recycling Law | Composting for Community\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Composting for Community article by 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