{"id":17510,"date":"2021-02-08T15:30:05","date_gmt":"2021-02-08T20:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/articles\/york-universitys-studies-of-extended-producer-responsibility-reveal-evidence-of-failures\/"},"modified":"2024-05-01T18:28:08","modified_gmt":"2024-05-01T18:28:08","slug":"york-universitys-studies-of-extended-producer-responsibility-reveal-evidence-of-failures","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/ilsr.org\/es\/article\/composting-for-community\/york-universitys-studies-of-extended-producer-responsibility-reveal-evidence-of-failures","title":{"rendered":"York University\u2019s Studies of Extended Producer Responsibility Reveal Evidence of Failures"},"template":"","class_list":["post-17510","article","type-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","article_type-article","initiatives-composting-for-community","topics-extended-producer-responsibility","authors-neil-seldman"],"acf":{"details":{"featured_image":6156,"background_color":"","article_type":[134],"initiative":15,"display_event_fields":false,"start_date":null,"end_date":null,"start_time":null,"end_time":null,"time_zone":"America\/New_York","virtual_event":false,"location":"","topics":[75],"impact_areas":false,"abstract":"

Advocates for corporate control over the US recycling sector through Extended\u00a0Producer Responsibility (EPR) point to British Columbia as their model for the\u00a0United States. Yet analysis of this system raises fundamental questions of fairness,\u00a0transparency and cost effectiveness. Professor Cal\u00a0Lakhan, Faculty of Environmental\u00a0Studies,\u00a0York University, Toronto, contributed additional research on the British\u00a0Columbia EPR system. Dan Knapp, Urban Ore, Berkeley, CA summarizes and\u00a0comments on Lakhan’s findings.… Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","authors_tax":[605]},"sidebar":{"title":"\u00cdndice"},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

<\/div>

Advocates for corporate control over the US recycling sector through Extended\u00a0Producer Responsibility (EPR) point to British Columbia as their model for the\u00a0United States. Yet analysis of this system raises fundamental questions of fairness,\u00a0transparency and cost effectiveness. Professor Cal\u00a0Lakhan, Faculty of Environmental\u00a0Studies,\u00a0York University, Toronto, contributed additional research on the British\u00a0Columbia EPR system. Dan Knapp, Urban Ore, Berkeley, CA summarizes and\u00a0comments on Lakhan’s findings.<\/p>\n

For previous ILSR discussion of EPR in British Columbia, go here.<\/a><\/p>\n

These excerpts were compiled by Dr. Daniel Knapp of Urban Ore, Inc.\u00a0from seven reports authored by Dr. Calvin Lakhan,\u00a0Co-Investigator, \u201cThe Waste Wiki,\u201d\u00a0Faculty of Environmental Studies,\u00a0York University, Toronto, Canada<\/p>\n

Introductory note from Dr. Daniel Knapp:\u00a0 These York University studies of Extended Producer Responsibility in Canada\u00a0<\/em>range from 6 to 16 pages, each organized around a theme or a question.\u00a0 The focus is relatively narrow \u2013 printed paper and plastics used in packaging \u2013 rather than the total discard supply. \u00a0<\/em>Total pages in the source studies: 66.\u00a0 This collection of excerpts consists principally of my headlines followed by conclusions quoted from the reports.\u00a0 A few headlines with quotation marks are from the studies themselves.\u00a0 The conclusions refute EPR advocacy groups\u2019 claims of system superiority over traditional recycling, which some EPR advocates call \u201cthe previous industry.\u201d\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

The seven studies are:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201cReview of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>\u201d;<\/li>\n
  2. \u201cWhy Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste will not save tax payers money: A review of Ontario\u2019s transition to full extended producer responsibility<\/a>\u201d;<\/li>\n
  3. \u201cEconomic Analysis of Including \u2018Packaging Like Products\u2019 in the Blue Bin<\/a>;<\/li>\n
  4. \u201cModeling impact on consumer packaged goods pricing resulting from an increase in the steward obligation<\/a>\u201d;<\/li>\n
  5. \u201cEstimating Increases in the Steward Obligation Resulting from Expansion into the IC&I\u201d [long-term care facilities, schools, and multifamily apartment buildings<\/a>];<\/li>\n
  6. \u201cWhat is the goal of the Blue Box? Why recycling isn\u2019t always what\u2019s best for the environment or our wallet\u201d<\/a>; and<\/li>\n
  7. \u201cExtended Producer Responsibility Primer: Answers to Common Questions and Claims.<\/a>“<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The study refutes most of EPR activists\u2019 claims.
    \n<\/strong>\u201c\u2026[I]f we were to take a comprehensive examination of publicly available data for Recycle BC in British Columbia, few, if any, of\u2026 [the stated EPR objectives] are met.\u201d\u00a0 Nevertheless,\u201cRecycle BC is touted as a best practice model for steward-led producer responsibility to be replicated\u2026 in other jurisdictions across the United States.\u201d|
    \n<\/b>\u201c    Extended Producer Responsibility Primer<\/a>,\u201d p. 4.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n

    EPR doesn\u2019t save taxpayers\u2019 or consumers\u2019 money.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cUsing British Columbia as a proxy, there is no data to suggest the transition to 100% EPR has resulted in a tax savings for households.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Modeling impact on consumer packaged goods pricing\u00a0resulting from an increase in the steward\u2019s obligation<\/a>,\u201d p. 5.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u201cWill a 100% EPR model save Ontarions money?|
    \n<\/strong>Short answer:\u00a0 No.
    \nLong answer:\u00a0 No, because producers are just going to build that cost into the price of their package.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 5.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    EPR is not a way to control recycling\u2019s costs nor to recycle more.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cThere is no evidence to indicate that steward-operated extended producer responsibility schemes will result in cost containment or increases in recycling performance.\u201d
    \nExecutive Summary, \u201c    Review of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>,\u201d p. 2.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u201c…[T]he fees for printed paper and packaging are built into the cost of the good.\u00a0 The idea that producers will just absorb that cost without it trickling down to the consumer is wishful thinking.\u2026\u00a0 Full EPR in Ontario will be reflected in the cost of goods that households buy.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 5.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    In British Columbia, \u201cProgram costs have increased by approximately 26% while program performance (measured as % tonnes diverted) has increased 1%\u201c\u2026.[D]espite a 7% increase in service coverage\u2026 total collected recycled tonnes remain unchanged, while tonnes\u2026 being sent to landfill disposal is increasing.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Review of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>,\u201d p. 4.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u201cThe rate of cost increases is greater in British Columbia (Steward led) than it is in Ontario (municipal led) when compared over the same time period.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Review of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>,\u201d p. 4.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    In British Columbia, program performance has gotten worse, not better, since inception.\u00a0 \u201c2015 was actually the best performing year of the program.\u201d\u00a0 \u201c\u2026[N]et costs per tonne managed are increasing at a faster rate than any other province in Canada.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Review of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>,\u201d p. 5.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR\u2019s economic effects fall hardest on poor people.
    \n<\/strong>\u201c\u2026[P]roducers are going to build that cost into the price of their package.\u201d\u00a0 The study predicts \u201c…catastrophic consequences to low-income and marginalized families in Ontario.\u201d \u00a0Dr. Lakhan points out that middle and high-income people can afford to buy fresh foods not packaged in plastics.
    \n\u201c    Review of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>,\u201d p.2.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR that promotes inequality isn\u2019t sustainable.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cIs a system truly sustainable if it has negative economic and social consequences for underrepresented groups?\u201d
    \n\u201c    Modeling impact on consumer packaged goods pricing\u00a0resulting from an increase in the steward obligation<\/a>,<\/a>\u201d p. 8.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR doesn\u2019t facilitate or advance design for the environment.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cProducers are making no attempts to use more \u2018recyclable\u2019 materials\u2026.\u00a0 Now more than ever, packaging is being made up of composite, difficult to recycle materials, and this is unlikely to change\u2026.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 4.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR doesn\u2019t invest in recycling infrastructure.
    \n<\/strong>\u201c\u2026[V]ery few investments have actually been made.\u201d\u00a0 And \u201c\u2026shifting financial responsibility onto producers will not magically fix what is broken\u2026.\u00a0 It is naive to assume the financial incentive will result in fundamental shifts in producer behavior.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 6.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u201cEPR doesn\u2019t develop healthy and robust markets for\u00a0problematic packaging materials.\u201d
    \n<\/strong>\u201cWhile\u2026 diverting materials from our landfills and oceans has captured the attention of the public\u2026 it has also given rise to a type of greenwashing that creates the illusion of \u2018design for the environment.\u2019\u00a0 It merely delays that product from going to the landfill.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 4.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR doesn\u2019t reduce greenhouse gases.
    \n<\/strong>\u201c\u2026[I]f packaging-like materials are ultimately sent to [landfill] disposal due to a lack of infrastructure or end market demand, then the province\u2019s decision will have\u2026 added GHGs to the environment, not prevented them.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Economic Analysis of Including\u00a0Packaging Like Products\u2019 in the Blue Bin<\/a>,\u201d p. 6.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR as practiced in Ontario and British Columbia <\/strong>suffers from lack of transparency.
    \n<\/strong>Dr. Lakhan often complains of being \u201cforced\u201d to guess at numbers or use only \u201cpublicly available information\u201d because of lack of transparency about EPR\u2019s actual effects.\u00a0 Here are some of his complaints:\u00a0“We have no data.”\u00a0\u201cWe don\u2019t have the administrative structure.\u201d “We don\u2019t know if we have the infrastructural capacity.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Estimating Increases in the Steward Obligation\u00a0Resulting from Expansion into the IC&I<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u201c\u2026[N]umerous attempts were made to reach out to [Recycle BC] \u2026 to seek clarity \u2026 but the university received no response.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Extended Producer Responsibility Primer<\/a>,\u201d p. 5.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR\u2019s financial structure is byzantine and difficult to understand.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cTruthfully, there are only a handful of people in the province that are even able to do a serviceable job of explaining what these\u2026 unique quirks and intricacies to these financial arrangements\u2026 mean.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Extended Producer Responsibility Primer<\/a>,\u201d p. 3.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u201cWhat little data does exist paints a very damning picture for steward led producer responsibility for packaging waste.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Extended Producer Responsibility Primer<\/a>,\u201d p. 5.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Although EPR in Ontario is outperforming\u00a0<\/strong>EPR in British Columbia, it is still doing \u201cterribly.\u201d
    \n<\/strong>In Ontario, \u201c\u2026 the costs of the Blue Box program have almost tripled\u2026 while recycling rates have increased by less than 5%, and\u2026 are trending downward.\u2026 [T]he program has been doing terribly.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Extended Producer Responsibility Primer<\/a>,\u201d p. 3.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    EPR requires producers to manage processes they don\u2019t understand\u00a0<\/strong>and introduces an inefficient layer of bureacracy.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cBy their own admission, most packaging companies have no clue how to operate an efficient waste managment system.\u00a0 They will\u2026 have to engage in individual contracts with waste system operators who are managing the programs now,\u2026 with added administrative costs of having to coordinate multiple companies with multiple contractors.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Extended Producer Responsibility Primer<\/a>,\u201d p, 7.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Warning: Look before you leap.
    \n<\/strong>\u201c\u2026[O]ther jurisdictions need to think very carefully before developing a similar model.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Review of Recycle BC Program Performance<\/a>,\u201d p. 16.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Post Script: Despite evidence to the contrary,\u00a0EPR in Ontario is inevitable because\u00a0manufacturers must be made to take responsibility for their products.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cI am going to assume that 100% EPR is inevitable in Ontario, and despite my criticism, it should be.\u00a0 Producer responsibility is a critical step in making manufacturers responsible for the goods they produce and put out into the market.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 6.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The kicker: 100% EPR requires waste to energy, compostable plastics, or both.
    \n<\/strong>\u201cAvoiding prescriptive legislation and giving producers the latitude to pursue end of life solutions beyond recycling (compostable plastics, waste to energy\/fuel) is what is going to drive sustainable Blue Box in Ontario.\u201d
    \n\u201c    Why Ontario\u2019s plan to tackle plastic waste\u00a0will not save tax payers money<\/a>,\u201d p. 7<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    A final note from Daniel Knapp, Ph.D., President <\/strong>Urban Ore, Inc., Berkeley, California, USA\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

    This study is not about the whole discard supply in Canada, only a portion of it, much less than half.\u00a0 A full reckoning would include far more than the cans, bottles, paper, and plastics covered by this study.\u00a0 This special focus is okay, but it needs to be put in context to be understandable for people not schooled in discard management.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The total supply of discarded resources can be profiled by Urban Ore\u2019s 12 Master Market Categories\u00a9<\/sup>, shown in the process-flow diagram below, The Universe of Total Recycling.\u00a0 This set of categories has been independently verified to profile everything that now goes into landfill.\u00a0 The materials discussed in the York studies are only four of the 12 Master Market Categories.\u00a0 The included four are Metals (cans, trays, foil, etc., which are subsets of this much larger Market Category); Glass (bottles are a subset of Glass, too); Paper; and Polymers (plastics are also a subset, albeit a big and troublesome one).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Large numbers of tonnes reside in the eight Market Categories not included in the York studies.\u00a0 The four biggest by weight are Plant Debris; Wood; Ceramics: and Putrescibles, including food and manures.\u00a0 Smaller tonnages are available in Textiles, including clothing; Soils; and Chemicals.\u00a0 The one category not covered in nearly any other set of categories, which can contain objects from all the others, and which is most valuable per tonne is Reusable Goods.\u00a0 All eight of these categories that aren\u2019t discussed in the York studies are being actively and profitably mined by Materials Recovery Enterprises all over the world.<\/p>\n

    Much more can be done to ensure that they are all captured and used.\u00a0 This assertion isn\u2019t theory; it is the essence of entrepreneurial thinking applied to the discard supply and the multiple service voids that exist within the current system brought to us by imperfect mixed-material collection systems.<\/p>\n

    As just one example, take the case of glass cullet, the term the current recycling industry uses for crushed glass.\u00a0 Dr. Lakhan rightly says that making cullet out of bottles and selling it to glass manufacturers doesn\u2019t make much money, and is probably a loser even with avoided tipping fees factored in.\u00a0 That\u2019s because mined sand is still cheap and that\u2019s what glass bottle makers use in preference to cullet.\u00a0 So they don\u2019t pay well for cullet, and cullet is much too heavy to export.<\/p>\n

    But entrepreneurs, seeing this glass, have found that tumbling it into pebbles or grinding it into sand produces products that can be sold in small quantities for local landscape use, and for much higher prices.\u00a0 Others make plates, saucers, and cups that sell for even higher prices.<\/p>\n

    Small quantities add up to large tonnes if enough are sold into commerce.\u00a0 The key here is marketing, offering \u201cthis nice-looking sand\u201d or little bag of pebbles or dinner plate that\u2019s green or brown or blue or crystal clear \u201cis recycled and not mined from your local riverbed or beach.\u201d \u00a0Having a very clean product is a must as well.\u00a0 One could have all sorts of sand colors in bags, each with its own price based on supply and demand.\u00a0 This manufacturing is best done in small lots in many places.<\/p>\n

    To recover all the categories, what\u2019s needed is a discard management facility that is purpose-built and that encourages upgrading the resources and selling products.<\/p>\n

    The name for these facilities is Zero Waste Resource Recovery Parks.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

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